Music Markup

Parts of India, China, Central America, South America, and the Middle East have a protracted history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles, which became a serious industry someday after one thousand Ad. The work was finished by hand in workers’ homes or sometimes in grasp weavers’ outlets. Occasionally the work was accomplished within the workshop of a master weaver. Using the spinning wheel, it took anyplace from 4 to eight spinners to supply one handloom weaver. Within the off-season the ladies, usually farmers’ wives, did the spinning and the men did the weaving. On the eve of the Industrial Revolution, spinning and weaving have been done in households, for domestic consumption, and as a cottage industry under the putting-out system. Productivity enchancment in wool spinning through the Industrial Revolution was important however far lower than that of cotton. Wages in Lancashire had been about six occasions those in India in 1770 when general productiveness in Britain was about three times higher than in India. The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22.4% in 1831. Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1% in 1801. Cotton factories in Britain numbered roughly 900 in 1797. In 1760 approximately one-third of cotton cloth manufactured in Britain was exported, rising to 2-thirds by 1800. In 1781 cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds, which increased to fifty six million pounds by 1800. In 1800 lower than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on equipment invented in Britain.

In 1750 Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of uncooked cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. By 1600 Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established. Earlier European makes an attempt at cotton spinning and weaving had been in twelfth-century Italy and 15th-century southern Germany, however these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off. In 1700 and 1721 the British authorities passed Calico Acts to protect the home woollen and linen industries from the increasing quantities of cotton fabric imported from India. The demand for heavier fabric was met by a home industry based around Lancashire that produced fustian, a cloth with flax warp and cotton weft. India produced a variety of cotton cloth, some of exceptionally fantastic high quality. The early Spanish explorers discovered Native Americans growing unknown species of fantastic quality cotton: sea island cotton (Gossypium barbadense) and upland inexperienced seeded cotton Gossypium hirsutum.

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